A bunion, or hallux valgus, is a bony bump that forms at the base of the big toe, pushing the joint outward as the toe leans inward. This misalignment can cause pain, swelling, and restricted movement, making walking difficult and shoe fitting a challenge.

Bunions often stem from genetics, ill-fitting shoes—especially high heels or narrow styles—arthritis, foot injuries, or abnormal walking patterns. While bunions worsen over time, they can be managed with proper care.

Common symptoms include pain, redness, swelling, limited toe movement, and calluses. Early intervention can ease discomfort and slow progression.

To manage bunions, start by wearing supportive shoes with wide toe boxes, low heels, and cushioned soles. Over-the-counter bunion pads or custom orthotics can reduce friction and support the foot. Ice packs and anti-inflammatory medications help relieve pain and swelling.

Foot exercises—like toe stretches, towel scrunches, and toe circles—can improve flexibility and strength. Bunion splints, worn at night, may offer temporary realignment and pain relief.

In severe cases, doctors may recommend corticosteroid injections or surgery. Bunionectomy realigns the joint and removes the bony bump. Surgical options include exostectomy, osteotomy, and arthrodesis, depending on severity. Recovery involves physical therapy and a gradual return to normal activity.

While bunions can’t always be prevented, choosing wide, supportive footwear, using orthotics if needed, and taking breaks when standing for long periods can reduce your risk and protect joint health.